Biologytopnotes

BIOLOGY AND ITS MAJOR FIELDS

1. The study of distribution of animals in nature is called

(a) Zoogeography (b) Biodiversity (c) Geography (d) Ecology

2. Study of tissue is called: ( BWP 2015, LHR 2015 GI, SGD 2015, LHR 2017 GI, FSD 2017, BWP 2018, LHR 2018 GII, FSD 2018)

(a) Morphology (b) Anatomy (c) Histology (d) Microbiology

3. The study of microorganism includes Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoan and microscopic Algae and fungi is:

(a) Microbiology (b) Parasitology (c) Molecular Biology (d) Biotechnology

4. The study of parasite is called:

(a) Paleontology (b) Histology (c) Microbiology (d) Parasitology

5. Use of living organisms, system or processes in manufacturing and service industries is studies by branch called:

(a) Social biology (b) Human biology (c) Biotechnology (d) Marine biology

6. Embryology is the study of:

(a) Fossils (b) Tissues (c) Development (d) Internal gross structure

7. The study of functions of different parts of an organism.

(a) Morpholo0gy (b) Physiology (c) Anatomy (d) Ecology

8. The branch of biology that deals with study of structure is called: (AJK 2018)

(a) Histology (b) Physiology (c) Anatomy (d) Ecology

9. Study of social behavior of human is called: (GRW 2018)

(a) Anatomy (b) social biology (c) Paleontology (d) human biology

10. The branch of biology which deals with the study of environmental relations of organisms is called: (DGK 2018 G. II)

(a) Morphology (b) Ecology (c) Evolution (d) Zoogeography

Ans:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
A	C	A	D	C	C	B	C	B	B

BIOLOGY AND SOME MAJOR FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION

Ans: Biology is the study of living things. It is a branch of science and like other sciences it is a way of understanding nature. Biologists deal with the living part of nature and with the non living things which affect the living things in any way.

They strive to understand, explain, integrate(ملنا), and describe the natural world of living things. The literal meaning of biology is the study of life.

Q: Q. Why is it difficult to define life?

Ans: It is very difficult to define life. There are certain aspects of life that lie beyond the scope(وسعت) of the science of biology like the answers to questions.

· What is the meaning of life? Why should there be life? These are the questions not usually taken up by biologists and are left to philosophers and theologians.

· Biologists mainly deal with the matters relating to how life works.

Q: What is life? Discuss the branches of biology

Ans:

Definition: Life for biologists is a set of characteristics that distinguish living organisms from non living objects.

Characteristics:

· Complexity: Living organism is highly organized. Complex(پیچیدہ) entities.

· Composition: these are composed of one or more cells.

· Inheritance: Contain genetic program of their characteristics.

· Respiration: Can acquire (حاصل کرنا) and use energy.

· Metabolism: Can carry out and control numerous chemical reactions.

· Growth: Can grow in size.

· Homeostasis: Maintain a fairly constant internal environment.

· Reproduction: Produce offspring(بچے) similar(ایک جیسے) to themselves.

· Sensitivity: Respond to changes in their environment.

· Any object possessing all these characteristics simultaneously can be declared as living things. Therefore, volumes and volumes of information are available under this major head. It is but natural to divide this science into quite a number of branches for our convenience of comprehending (ایک نقتہ پر) and studying biology.

Branches of biology

You are surely familiar, at this stage, with

Ecology: The branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment.

Embryology: The branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms.

Physiology: The branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms.

Morphology: External and internal morphology or anatomy.

Paleontology: The branch of biology which deals with the study of fossils.

Histology: The branch of biology that studies the microscopic structure of animal or plant tissues.

Evolution: The sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms.

Genetics: The branch of biology that studies heredity and variation (تبدیلی) in organisms:

Zoogeography: the branch of biology which deals with the study of distribution of animals on earth.

· In addition to these branches there are number of other branches of biology such as: molecular biology, marine biology, environmental biology, freshwater biology, parasitology, human biology, social biology, biotechnology, etc.

Molecular biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology which deals with the structure of organisms, the cells and their organelles at molecular level.

Environmental biology

Environmental biology is the study of organisms in relation to their environment. This includes interaction (رابطہ) between the organisms and their inorganic and organic environment, especially as it relates to human activities.

Microbiology

This is the study of microorganisms which include bacteria, viruses protozoa and microscopic algae and fungi.

Freshwater biology

This branch of biology deals with the organisms living in fresh water bodies i.e., rivers lakes etc and physical and chemical parameters of these water bodies.

Marine biology

This is the study of life in seas and oceans. This includes the study of the marine life and the physical and chemical characteristics of the sea acting as factors for marine life.

Parasitology

This is the branch of biology which deals with the study of parasites. The structure mode of transmission(منتقلی). Life histories and host parasite relationships (تعلق) are studied in parasitology.

Human biology

It deals with the study of man. This includes form and structure, function, histology, anatomy, morphology, evolution, genetics, cell biology and ecological studies etc. of human beings.

Social biology

This is the branch of biology which deals with the study of social behavior and communal life of human beings.

Biotechnology

It deals with the use of living organisms, systems or processes in manufacturing(تیارکرنا) and service(خدمت) industries.